Imidacloprid poisoning is rare and can be prevented

Imidacloprid , namely, 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneam ine, is a systemic, chloro-nicotinyl insecticide with soil, seed and foliar uses for the control of sucking insects including rice hoppers, aphids, thrips, whiteflies, termites, turf insects, soil insects and beetles. It is most commonly used on rice, cereals, maize, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, fruits, cotton, hops or turfs, and is especially systemic when used as a seed or soil treatment.

Imidacloprid is a topical insecticide often used to prevent and treat flea infestation on dogs and cats. Imidacloprid is sold under various brand names by a veterinary office. A dog should see a veterinarian to be prescribed the proper dosage. Imidacloprid poisoning is rare and can be prevented.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,307,053 describes a process for the preparation of imidacloprids comprising reacting 2-nitroiminoimidazolidine with 2-chloro-5-chloromethyl pyridine in stoichiometric amounts in the presence of an alkali metal carbonate in an organic solvent under reflux condition. The alkali metal carbonate may be lithium, potassium or sodium carbonate. The organic solvent may be alcohols, ketones, acetonitrile or dimethyl formamide. Due to the alkali metal carbonates being not very soluble in the organic solvents, the solutions of the alkali carbonates are not easily flowable and pumpable, and the reaction mixture is not very homogenous so as to be easily stirred. Therefore, the above process is difficult to carry out. Besides, the filtrate containing imidacloprid obtained by the above process is concentrated by vacuum distillation. Due to the presence of unreacted alkali metal carbonates and their related salts in the filtrate resulting from use of alkali carbonates, there is bumping (flashing) turbulence during vacuum distillation of the filtrate, thereby rendering the process more difficult to carry out. Also, alkali metal carbonates have low basisity, thereby increasing the reaction time. The above process is described to be an improvement over the process of employing sodium hydride (NaH) in the place of alkali metal carbonate. Sodium hydride is a very hazardous reagent. Therefore, handling of the sodium hydride-based reaction is very difficult and cumbersome.

Indian Patent No 181755 describes a process for the preparation of imidacloprid manufacturer comprising, among other steps, condensation of 3-chloromethyl-6-chloropyridine with 2-nitroimino-1,3-dihydro imidazole in the presence of inorganic bases and ketonic solvents. The inorganic bases used may be carbonates or bicarbonates of sodium or potassium. The solvents may be acetone, methyl butyl ketone, methyl-t-butylketone or acetonitrile. The problems associated with the use of alkali carbonates in the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 6,307,053 are encountered in this process also.

Do not use on puppies less than seven weeks old. There are different dosages for dogs: less than 10 lbs.; 11 to 20 lbs.; 21 to 55 lbs.; more than 55 pounds.
Never apply to the skin, or the base of the neck to avoid a dog licking the medication. Never let the dog ingest the product.
Imidacloprid kills most fleas in about 12 hours and spreads over the skin oils of a dog and collects in the hair follicles, releasing the medication over the span of a month. Never give the dog more than one dosage a month.

According to the invention, there is provided a process for the preparation of the insecticide imidacloprid comprising reacting 2-chloro-5-chloromethyl pyridine with 2-nitroiminoimidazolidine with in the molar ratio 1:1 to 1:1.2 in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide in an aprotic solvent at 45 to 60° C. under stirring.

It has been surprisingly found that the yield of imidacloprid is improved if the molar proportion of the 2-nitroiminoimidazolidine is marginally higher than that of 2-chloro-5-chloromethyl pyridine. Preferably, the reaction of 2-chloro-5-chloromethyl pyridine with 2-nitroiminoimidazolidine is carried out in the molar ratio 1:1.12 so as to improve the yield of imidacloprid .

If the dog licks the medication before it has spread and dry, look for drooling, twitching and muscle weakness. Consult a veterinarian if symptoms occur.
Never use on a dog that is hypersensitive to it. Avoid the eyes, nose and mouth of the dog. Do not use on pregnant dogs. Do not use imidacloprid with any other insecticides or flea medications.

 
 

 
 

source:townhall|imidacloprid